The Use of AI in Diagnosing Diseases and Providing Management Plans: A Consultation on Cardiovascular Disorders With ChatGPT.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have remained the leading causes of death worldwide and substantially contribute to loss of health and excess health system costs. According to WHO, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) take an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. One of the reasons for an immensely high fatality in CVDs is lack of efficient diagnosis and prompt treatment. Timely recognition and management are crucial to minimize mortality. In the advancing world, AI (artificial intelligence) and machine learning technologies continue to progress, this advancement has opened new avenues for innovative approaches in the field of medicine. Despite the rapid development in the field of AI, there is a limited understanding of the potential benefits among clinicians and medical practitioners. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential that the AI language model holds to assist health practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. We asked Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) 10 hypothetical questions simulating clinical consultation. The responses given by ChatGPT were accessed for its accuracy and accessibility by a team of medical specialists and cardiologists with extensive experience in managing cardiovascular disorders.  Result: Out of the 10 clinical scenarios inserted in ChatGPT, eight were perfectly diagnosed, however, the other two answers given by ChatGPT were not entirely incorrect since those conditions were associated with the actual diagnosis. Furthermore, the management plans and the treatment protocols that were given by ChatGPT were in line with the literature and current medical knowledge. The exact drug names and regimens were not provided but a general guideline that was given by this AI tool is definitely beneficial for junior doctors in getting an idea on how to proceed or refresh their previous knowledge. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT is a valuable resource in the field of medicine. Its comprehensive and properly organized response in an understandable language has made it an effective and efficient tool to be used. However, it is crucial to note that its limitations, such as the need for all associated and typical signs, symptoms, and physical examination findings, and its inability to personalize treatments need to be acknowledged.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of wearing mask in the population presenting to tertiary hospitals in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: In the era of COVID-19 where there is emphasis on the importance of wearing a mask, wearing it rightly is equally important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of wearing a mask in the general population of a developing country at three major tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants of this cross-sectional study were patients and attendants at three major tertiary care hospital of Karachi Pakistan. Selected participants, through non-probability convenient sampling technique, were interviewed regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice of wearing mask using an Urdu translated version of a questionnaire used in an earlier study. Three summary scores (0 to 100) were computed to indicate participants' mask wearing practice, technique of putting it on, and technique of taking if off. Collected data were analyzed with the help of IBM SPSS version 19. RESULTS: A total of 370 selected individuals were interviewed, out of which 51.9% were male and mean age was 37.65±11.94 years. For more than 90% of the participants, wearing a face mask was a routine practicing during the pandemic. The mean practice score was 65.69±25.51, score for technique of putting on a face mask was 67.77±23.03, and score of technique of taking off a face mask was 51.01±29.23. Education level of participant tends to have positive relationship with all three scores, while presence of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as co-morbid had negative impact on mask wearing practice. CONCLUSION: We have observed suboptimal knowledge, attitude and practice of wearing mask among the selected individuals. There is a continued need to spread awareness and educate general population about the importance of using a face mask, as well as the proper technique of wearing and taking off a face mask.

Association of Temperament With Preoperative Anxiety in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Preoperative anxiety is associated with poor behavioral adherence during anesthetic induction and adverse postoperative outcomes. Research suggests that temperament can affect preoperative anxiety and influence its short- and long-term effects, but these associations have not been systematically examined. Objective: To examine the associations of temperament with preoperative anxiety in young patients undergoing surgery. Data Sources: Studies from MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from database inception to June 2018. Study Selection: All prospective studies reporting associations of temperament with preoperative anxiety were included. Overall, 43 of 5451 identified studies met selection criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Using the PRISMA guidelines, reviewers independently read 43 full-text articles, extracted data on eligible studies, and assessed the quality of each study. Data were pooled using the Lipsey and Wilson random-effects model. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was the association of temperament with preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing surgery. Results: A total of 23 studies, with 4527 participants aged 1 to 18 years, were included in this review. Meta-analysis of 12 studies including 1064 participants revealed that emotionality (r = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.19), intensity of reaction (r = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.46), and withdrawal (r = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.55) were positively associated with preoperative anxiety, whereas activity level (r = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.31 to -0.16) was negatively correlated with preoperative anxiety. Impulsivity was not significantly associated with preoperative anxiety. Conclusions and Relevance: This systematic review and meta-analysis provided evidence suggesting that temperament may help identify pediatric patients at risk of preoperative anxiety and guide the design of prevention and intervention strategies. Future studies should continue to explore temperament and other factors influencing preoperative anxiety and their transactional effects to guide the development of precision treatment approaches and to optimize perioperative care.

Bridging the Gap between Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Cardiovascular Diseases.

The human gut is heavily colonized by a community of microbiota, primarily bacteria, that exists in a symbiotic relationship with the host and plays a critical role in maintaining host homeostasis. The consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet has been shown to induce gut dysbiosis and reduce intestinal integrity. Recent studies have revealed that dysbiosis contributes to the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by promoting two major CVD risk factors-atherosclerosis and hypertension. Imbalances in host-microbial interaction impair homeostatic mechanisms that regulate health and can activate multiple pathways leading to CVD risk factor progression. Dysbiosis has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis through metabolism-independent and metabolite-dependent pathways. This review will illustrate how these pathways contribute to the various stages of atherosclerotic plaque progression. In addition, dysbiosis can promote hypertension through vascular fibrosis and an alteration of vascular tone. As CVD is the number one cause of death globally, investigating the gut microbiota as a locus of intervention presents a novel and clinically relevant avenue for future research, with vast therapeutic potential.